Mariner 9
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| Operator | NASA |
|---|---|
| Mission type | Orbiter |
| Satellite of | Mars |
| Orbital insertion date | November 13, 1971 |
| Launch date | May 30, 1971 at 22:23:00 UTC |
| Launch vehicle | Atlas-Centaur SLV-3C launch vehicle |
| Mission duration | May 30, 1971 to October 27, 1972 |
| COSPAR ID | 1971-051A |
| Mass | 558.8 kg |
| Power | 500 W |
| Orbital elements | |
| Eccentricity | .6014 |
| Inclination | 64.4° |
| Apoapsis | 16860 km |
| Periapsis | 1650 km |
| Orbital period | 719.47 m |
Mariner 9 (Mariner Mars '71 / Mariner-I) was a NASA space probe orbiter that helped in the exploration of Mars and was part of the Mariner program. Mariner 9 was launched toward Mars on May 30, 1971 from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station and reached the planet on November 13 of the same year, becoming the first spacecraft to orbit another planet — only narrowly beating Soviet Mars 2 and Mars 3, which both arrived within a month. After months of dust-storms it managed to send back clear pictures of the surface.
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Objectives
Mariner 9 was designed to continue the atmospheric studies begun by Mariner 6 and 7, and to map over 70% of the Martian surface from the lowest altitude (1500 kilometers [about 900 miles]) and at the highest resolutions (1 kilometer per pixel to 100 meters per pixel) of any Mars mission up to that time. An infrared radiometer was included to detect heat sources as evidence of volcanic activity. It was to study temporal changes in the Martian atmosphere and surface. Mars' two moons were also to be analyzed. Mariner 9 more than met its objectives.
Experiments
- Ultraviolet Spectrometer (UVS)
- Infrared Interferometer Spectrometer (IRIS)
- Celestial Mechanics (not a separate instrument; it relied upon tracking measurements including range, range rate, and Doppler)
- S-Band Occultation (not a separate instrument; experiment observed the attenuation of the communication signal as the orbiting satellite passed out of view)
- Infrared Radiometer (IRR)
- Visual Imaging System
Achievements
Mariner 9 was the first spacecraft to orbit another planet. It carried an instrument payload similar to Mariner 6 and 7, but, because of the need for a larger propulsion system to control the spacecraft in Mars orbit, it weighed more than Mariners 6 and 7 combined. When Mariner 9 arrived at Mars, the atmosphere was so dusty that the surface was obscured. This unexpected situation made a strong case for the desirability of studying a planet from orbit rather than merely flying past. Mariner 9's computer was thus programmed from Earth to delay imaging of the surface for a couple of months until the dust settled. After 349 days in orbit, Mariner 9 had transmitted 7,329 images, covering 100% of Mars' surface. The images revealed river beds, craters, massive extinct volcanoes (such as Olympus Mons, the largest known volcano in the Solar System), canyons (including the Valles Marineris, a system of canyons over about 2,500 miles (4,020 km) long), evidence of wind and water erosion and deposition, weather fronts, fogs, and more. Mars' tiny moons, Phobos and Deimos, were also photographed.[1] The findings from the Mariner 9 missions underpinned the later Viking program.
The enormous Valles Marineris canyon system is named after Mariner 9 in honor of its achievements.
After depleting its supply of attitude control gas, the spacecraft was turned off on 27 October 1972.
 Meander in Scamander Vallis, as seen by Mariner 9. Such images implied that large amounts of water once flowed on the surface of Mars. |
 Warrego Valles, as seen by Mariner 9. This image suggests that it once rained/snowed on Mars. |
Construction
The ultraviolet spectrometer aboard Mariner 9 was constructed by the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics at the University of Colorado, Boulder, CO. The ultraviolet spectrometer team was led by Professor Charles Barth.
The Infrared Interferometer Spectrometer (IRIS) team was led by Dr. Rudolf A. Hanel from NASA Goddard Spaceflight Center (GSFC). The IRIS instrument was built by Texas Instruments, Dallas, TX.
The Infrared Radiometer (IRR) team was led by Professor Gerald Neugebauer from the California Insitute of Technology (Caltech).
Error Correction Codes achievements
A Hadamard code was used during the 1971 Mariner 9 mission to correct for picture transmission errors. [1] The data words used during this mission were 6 bits long, which represented 64 grayscale values.
Because of limitations of the quality of the alignment of the transmitter the maximum useful data length was about 30 bits. Instead of using a repetition code, a [32, 6, 16] Hadamard code was used. Errors of up to 7 bits per word could be corrected using this scheme.
Compared to a 5-repetition code, the error correcting properties of this Hadamard code are much better, yet its rate is comparable. The efficient decoding algorithm was an important factor in the decision to use this code. The circuitry used was called the "Green Machine" [2]. It employed the fast Fourier transform which can increase the decoding speed by a factor of 3.
Present location
Mariner 9 is still in Mars orbit, stable until at least 2022, after which the spacecraft will enter the Martian atmosphere.
See also
- Exploration of Mars
- Space exploration
- Unmanned space missions
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References
- ↑ http://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/past/mariner8-9.html
- ↑ [1] Combinatorics in Space The Mariner 9 Telemetry System